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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orientierungspolarisation</span></h1>
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<p>Als <b>Orientierungspolarisation</b> bezeichnet man diejenige <a href="Polarisation_(Elektrizit%C3%A4t)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarisation (Elektrizität)">Polarisation</a>, die durch die Ausrichtung (Orientierung) <i>permanenter</i> <a href="Elektrisches_Dipolmoment" title="Elektrisches Dipolmoment">elektrischer Dipole</a>, z. B. Wasser, in einem <a href="Elektrisches_Feld" title="Elektrisches Feld">elektrischen Feld</a> bewirkt wird. Gegen diese Ausrichtung der Dipole wirkt ihre <a href="Thermische_Bewegung" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermische Bewegung">thermische Bewegung</a>. Die Orientierungspolarisation hängt daher von der Temperatur ab (je höher die Temperatur, desto niedriger die Orientierungspolarisation), was durch die <a href="Debye-Gleichung" title="Debye-Gleichung">Debye-Gleichung</a> beschrieben wird.
</p><p>Permanente Dipolmomente sind im Allgemeinen viel größer (etwa um den Faktor 10<sup>3</sup>) als induzierte Dipolmomente, die durch das elektrische Feld erst erzeugt werden (<a href="Verschiebungspolarisation" title="Verschiebungspolarisation">Verschiebungspolarisation</a>).
</p><p>Kehrt man die Richtung des elektrischen Feldes um, so müssen sich die <a href="Dipolmolek%C3%BCl" title="Dipolmolekül">Dipolmoleküle</a> umorientieren bzw. neu ausrichten (<a href="Relaxation_(Naturwissenschaft)" title="Relaxation (Naturwissenschaft)">Relaxationsprozess</a>). Aufgrund ihrer relativ großen <a href="Tr%C3%A4gheit" title="Trägheit">Trägheit</a> benötigen sie hierfür eine gewisse Zeit (typische Rotationszeit eines Moleküls in Flüssigkeit 10<sup>−9</sup>…10<sup>−11</sup> s), weshalb das <a href="Absorption_(Physik)" title="Absorption (Physik)">Absorptions</a>maximum bei etwa 20 <a href="GHz" class="mw-redirect" title="GHz">GHz</a> liegt (entspricht einer Periode T = 0,5·10<sup>−10</sup> s, vgl. 2. Abb.). Bei noch höheren <a href="Frequenz" title="Frequenz">Frequenzen</a> ist keine Orientierungspolarisation mehr zu beobachten, sondern nur noch Verschiebungspolarisation, und die Debye-Gleichung geht in die <a href="Clausius-Mossotti-Gleichung" title="Clausius-Mossotti-Gleichung">Clausius-Mossotti-Gleichung</a> über.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herleitung_der_Temperaturabhängigkeit"><span id="Herleitung_der_Temperaturabh.C3.A4ngigkeit"></span>Herleitung der Temperaturabhängigkeit</h2></div>
<p>Die Wechselwirkungsenergie W eines permanenten elektrischen Dipols mit einem äußeren elektrischen Feld ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W=-{\vec {p}}\cdot {\vec {E}}=-pE\cos \vartheta }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W=-{\vec {p}}\cdot {\vec {E}}=-pE\cos \vartheta }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7db920b6bcc8ef812182427025f9d77952534b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.232ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W=-{\vec {p}}\cdot {\vec {E}}=-pE\cos \vartheta }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der vollständigen Ausrichtung im elektrischen Feld steht die thermische Energie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W\propto kT}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W\propto kT}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2ce63f3ce32b7f7c1f4fbf26a0b2184d3b8c727c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.381ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W\propto kT}" loading="lazy"></span> entgegen, die eine Gleichverteilung aller Richtungen anstrebt. Können die Dipole frei rotieren und befinden sich bei der Temperatur <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> im <a href="Thermodynamisches_Gleichgewicht" title="Thermodynamisches Gleichgewicht">thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht</a>, so ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit einen Dipol mit der Energie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vartheta }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d00eaf197c35bbfa391b9477490a4af955416837.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.374ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vartheta }" loading="lazy"></span> anzutreffen, proportional zum <a href="Boltzmann-Faktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Boltzmann-Faktor">Boltzmann-Faktor</a>:
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \exp \left(-{\frac {W}{kT}}\right)=\exp \left({\frac {pE\cos \vartheta }{kT}}\right)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \exp \left(-{\frac {W}{kT}}\right)=\exp \left({\frac {pE\cos \vartheta }{kT}}\right)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f447f9ffb17dedc6f94db8484b46c5c1d3eb45d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:31.578ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \exp \left(-{\frac {W}{kT}}\right)=\exp \left({\frac {pE\cos \vartheta }{kT}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für ein konstantes elektrisches Feld in z-Richtung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}=E{\hat {e}}_{z}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fdbce8cc5f3de13153a33eb57effb16d55f313b8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.943ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}=E{\hat {e}}_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist das mittlere Dipolmoment in z-Richtung gleich:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left\langle p_{z}\right\rangle =p\left\langle \cos \vartheta \right\rangle =p\,{\frac {\int _{0}^{\pi }{\cos \vartheta \;\operatorname {e} ^{pE\cos \vartheta /kT}\sin \vartheta \;\mathrm {d} \vartheta }}{\int _{0}^{\pi }{\operatorname {e} ^{pE\cos \vartheta /kT}\sin \vartheta \;\mathrm {d} \vartheta }}}=p\left[\coth \left({\frac {pE}{kT}}\right)-{\frac {kT}{pE}}\right]}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left\langle p_{z}\right\rangle =p\left\langle \cos \vartheta \right\rangle =p\,{\frac {\int _{0}^{\pi }{\cos \vartheta \;\operatorname {e} ^{pE\cos \vartheta /kT}\sin \vartheta \;\mathrm {d} \vartheta }}{\int _{0}^{\pi }{\operatorname {e} ^{pE\cos \vartheta /kT}\sin \vartheta \;\mathrm {d} \vartheta }}}=p\left[\coth \left({\frac {pE}{kT}}\right)-{\frac {kT}{pE}}\right]}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a834506b6d2c903ea58ee768b962630a434afac6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:73.557ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left\langle p_{z}\right\rangle =p\left\langle \cos \vartheta \right\rangle =p\,{\frac {\int _{0}^{\pi }{\cos \vartheta \;\operatorname {e} ^{pE\cos \vartheta /kT}\sin \vartheta \;\mathrm {d} \vartheta }}{\int _{0}^{\pi }{\operatorname {e} ^{pE\cos \vartheta /kT}\sin \vartheta \;\mathrm {d} \vartheta }}}=p\left[\coth \left({\frac {pE}{kT}}\right)-{\frac {kT}{pE}}\right]}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Summe über alle mittleren Dipolmomente pro Volumen ergibt die <a href="Polarisation_(Elektrizit%C3%A4t)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarisation (Elektrizität)">makroskopische Polarisation</a> (N ist eine Dichte, nämlich Dipole pro Volumen):
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P=N\left\langle p_{z}\right\rangle =Np\left[\coth \left({\frac {pE}{kT}}\right)-{\frac {kT}{pE}}\right]}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P=N\left\langle p_{z}\right\rangle =Np\left[\coth \left({\frac {pE}{kT}}\right)-{\frac {kT}{pE}}\right]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8eb74a8d8657e2732596ba7a3814b502295b6c52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:38.665ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P=N\left\langle p_{z}\right\rangle =Np\left[\coth \left({\frac {pE}{kT}}\right)-{\frac {kT}{pE}}\right]}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der in eckigen Klammern stehende Ausdruck ist die <a href="Langevin-Funktion" title="Langevin-Funktion">Langevin-Funktion</a>. Für große Temperaturen bzw. kleine Feldstärken kann man die Langevin-Funktion entwickeln:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(x)=\coth(x)-{\frac {1}{x}}\ {\overset {x\ll 1}{\mathop {=} }}\ {\frac {x}{3}}-{\frac {x^{3}}{45}}+{\mathcal {O}}(x^{5})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mi>coth</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">O</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(x)=\coth(x)-{\frac {1}{x}}\ {\overset {x\ll 1}{\mathop {=} }}\ {\frac {x}{3}}-{\frac {x^{3}}{45}}+{\mathcal {O}}(x^{5})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/20c6cdf9884e4ed157a99d79f396fbedf172e209.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:42.034ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(x)=\coth(x)-{\frac {1}{x}}\ {\overset {x\ll 1}{\mathop {=} }}\ {\frac {x}{3}}-{\frac {x^{3}}{45}}+{\mathcal {O}}(x^{5})}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x={\frac {pE}{kT}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>p</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
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<mi>k</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x={\frac {pE}{kT}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9417ababaec704fe60c5944d61ec5cf43a5e574.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.209ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x={\frac {pE}{kT}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Somit folgt für die makroskopische Polarisation mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle pE\ll kT}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>≪<!-- ≪ --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle pE\ll kT}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0de4648330ff8bf23d461098a910391d5e856785.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:9.496ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle pE\ll kT}" loading="lazy"></span> in erster Näherung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P={\frac {Np^{2}}{3kT}}E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
<msup>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P={\frac {Np^{2}}{3kT}}E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db35184155fe79c8923592ed9703b231bbaa77ca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:11.743ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P={\frac {Np^{2}}{3kT}}E}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Bei Zimmertemperatur beträgt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle kT}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle kT}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7285dfee5bf2881a238244337a2c644bc5f87493.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.847ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle kT}" loading="lazy"></span> etwa 1/40 <a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">eV</a> = 0,025 eV und die Orientierungsenergie der Dipole mit Dipolmoment ca. 10<sup>−30</sup> A·s·m bei einer Feldstärke von 10<sup>7</sup> V/m beträgt etwa 0,00062 eV. Somit ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle pE/kT=1/40}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
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<mo>/</mo>
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<mi>k</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
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<mn>40</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle pE/kT=1/40}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/923af58a61a416d3d093506863960cf050cd53e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:14.793ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle pE/kT=1/40}" loading="lazy"></span> und obige Annahme erfüllt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ll 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>≪<!-- ≪ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ll 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/08b246b342d27748c9d86028d8a5a37e127ddffb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.131ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ll 1}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Für schwache elektrische Feldstärken ist die Polarisation eine lineare Funktion des elektrischen Feldes
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}=\varepsilon _{0}\chi {\vec {E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>P</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}=\varepsilon _{0}\chi {\vec {E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8350cae27e0aeac7c08a795bde9d8a4e99ebc765.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.245ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}=\varepsilon _{0}\chi {\vec {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit der vorherigen Gleichung erhält man eine temperaturabhängige <a href="Elektrische_Suszeptibilit%C3%A4t" title="Elektrische Suszeptibilität">elektrische Suszeptibilität</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi ={\frac {Np^{2}}{3\varepsilon _{0}kT}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
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<msup>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi ={\frac {Np^{2}}{3\varepsilon _{0}kT}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/82105648428ab6cfcbfdbfeefe2c6383bb546b4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:11.537ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi ={\frac {Np^{2}}{3\varepsilon _{0}kT}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Orientierungspolarisation ist also proportional zur reziproken Temperatur (<a href="Curie-Gesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Curie-Gesetz">Curie-Gesetz</a>). Man beachte, dass dieses Ergebnis nur für Dipole gilt, die frei rotieren können. Bei einem Festkörper ist dies im Allgemeinen nicht gegeben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Dielektrikum" title="Dielektrikum">Dielektrikum</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Gerhard H. Findenegg, Thomas Hellweg: <cite style="font-style:italic">Statistische Thermodynamik</cite>. 2. Auflage. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 2015, ISBN 978-3-642-37871-3, Kapitel 6: <i>Ideale Gase</i>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37872-0_6">10.1007/978-3-642-37872-0_6</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Orientierungspolarisation&rft.atitle=Kapitel+6%3A+Ideale+Gase&rft.au=Gerhard+H.+Findenegg%2C+Thomas+Hellweg&rft.btitle=Statistische+Thermodynamik&rft.date=2015&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-642-37872-0_6&rft.edition=2&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9783642378713&rft.place=Berlin+%2F+Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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